Professor Tony Cunningham

BSc, BSc (Hons), M Social Science, PhD (Botany)

• Research Interests
• Current Projects
• Students
• Publications
  • Papers
  • Books
  • Reports
  • Other

Research interests

Tony is an ethnoecologist/applied ecologist working on links between natural resources, local livelihoods and conservation. Over the past 25 years, he has worked in East Africa (Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania), southern Africa (Botswana, Malawi, Namibia, Zimbabwe, South Africa), West Africa (Cameroon, Cote d'Ivoire), Asia (Nepal, India, Indonesia) and to a lesser extent, Oceania (Australia, Fiji) in habitats from desert to tropical rainforest. His main interest is the links between people and conservation, centred on the resource values (economic, medicinal, nutritional, utilitarian) of natural resources to people and conflicts between conservation areas and local communities. In particular, his work has focussed on the policy and practice of:

• Land-use planning and resource management taking cultural factors into account
• Non-timber forest product values and use: inventory, monitoring and management
• Processes leading to collaborative resource management programs between local communities and conservation agencies

He is also the director of People and Plants International, a non-profit organisation of ethnoecologists devoted to conservation and the sustainable use of plant resources around the world.

Current projects

• Enterprise development, value chains and evaluation of non-timber forest products for agroforestry systems in Eastern Indonesia
• Plant use and management of dry woodlands
• Dye and mordant plants used for textile production in eastern Indonesia (see this "Threads of Life" newsletter for more information about this work)
• Trade and production of the Himalayan caterpillar fungus, Cordyceps sinensis

Students

Ms Ria Fitriana (PhD). Co-supervisor: Natasha Stacey.

The contribution of a Sustainable Livelihoods Approach to Coastal Natural Resource Management in Pantar Strait, NTT, Indonesia.

Publications

Peer-reviewed papers

CUNNINGHAM, A.B., GARNETT, S.T. and GORMAN, J. in press. Policy lessons from practice: Australian bush products for commercial markets. Geojournal DOI 10.1007/s10708-008-9208-y

CUNNINGHAM, A B, S GARNETT, J GORMAN, K COURTENAY and D BOEHME. in press. Eco-enterprises and Terminalia ferdinandiana: “best laid plans” and Australian policy lessons. Forest Policy and Economics

CUNNINGHAM, A B. in press. A review of the ethnobotany, use & sustainable harvest of bark. Advances in Economic Botany

SUNDERLAND, T C H, A B CUNNINGHAM, Z TCHOUNDJEU and M-L NGO-MPECK. In press. Sustainable management of the African aphrodisiac bark, Pausinystalia johimbe. Advances in Economic Botany

SUNDERLAND, T C H., A B. CUNNINGHAM AND S A LAIRD. in press. International trade in the African aphrodisiac bark, Pausinystalia johimbe. Advances in Economic Botany

CUNNINGHAM, A B. in press. Europe's "footprint" on Africa and Madagascar: the international trade in Prunus africana bark. Advances in Economic Botany

VEEMAN, TS, A B CUNNINGHAM, W KOZANAYI AND D MAINGI. In press. The economics of production of a rare medicinal species re-introduced in south-eastern Zimbabwe – Warburgia salutaris. Advances in Economic Botany

CUNNINGHAM, A B and S K CHOGE. 2004. Crafts and Conservation: The Ecological Footprint of International Markets on an African Resource. in : Ethnobotany and Conservation of Biocultural Diversity, T Carlson & L. Maffi (eds.). Advances in Economic Botany Series, The New York Botanical Garden Press.

OMEJA, P., J OBUA and A B CUNNINGHAM. 2004. Regeneration, density and size class distribution of tree species used for drum making in central Uganda. African Journal of Ecology 42: 129-136.

RUIZ-PÉREZ, M., B. BELCHER, R. ACHDIAWAN, M. ALEXIADES, C. AUBERTIN, J. CABALLERO, B. CAMPBELL, C. CLEMENT, T. CUNNINGHAM, A. FANTINI, H. DE FORESTA, C. GARCÍA FERNÁNDEZ, K. H. GAUTAM, P. HERSCH MARTÍNEZ, W. DE JONG, K. KUSTERS, M. G. KUTTY, C. LÓPEZ, M. FU, M. A. MARTÍNEZ ALFARO, T. R. NAIR, O. NDOYE, R. OCAMPO, N. RAI, M. RICKER, K. SCHRECKENBERG, S. SHACKLETON, P. SHANLEY, T. SUNDERLAND, and Y. YOUN. 2004. Markets drive the specialization strategies of forest peoples. Ecology and Society 9(2): 4.

CHAMBERLAIN, J L, A B CUNNINGHAM and R NASI. 2004. Dealing with diversity in Forest Management: Non-timber forest products and bush meat. Renewable Resources 22:2 11-19.

OMEJA, P., J OBUA and A B CUNNINGHAM. 2004. Regeneration, density and size class distribution of tree species used for drum making in central Uganda. African Journal of Ecology 42: 129-136.

WYNBERG, R P; S A LAIRD, S SHACKLETON, M MANDER, C SHACKLETON, P DU PLESSIS, S DEN ADEL, RRB LEAKEY, A BOTELLE, C LOMBARD, C SULLIVAN, A B CUNNINGHAM & D O’REGAN. 2003. Marula policy brief: marula commercialization for sustainable and equitable livelihoods. Forests, Trees and Livelihoods 13: 203-215.

SHACKLETON, S E , C M SHACKLETON, A B CUNNINGHAM, C LOMBARD, C A SULLIVAN and T R NETSHILUVHI. 2002. Knowledge on Sclerocarya birrea subsp. caffra with emphasis on its importance as a non-timber forest product in South and southern Africa : a summary. Part 1. Taxonomy, ecology and role in rural livelihoods. Southern African Forestry Journal 194 : 27 - 41.

CAMPBELL, B.M., SAYER, J.A., FROST, P., VERMEULEN, S., RUIZ PEREZ, M., CUNNINGHAM, A. B, & PRABHU, R. 2001. Assessing the performance of natural resource systems. Conservation Ecology. [online] URL: www.consecol.org/vol5/iss2/art20

LUCKERT, M K, J WILSON, V ADAMOWICZ and A B CUNNINGHAM. 2000. Household resource allocations in response to risks and returns in a communal area of western Zimbabwe. Ecological Economics 33 : 383-394.

HAMILTON, A C, A B CUNNINGHAM, D BYARUGABA and F. KAYANJA. 2000. Conservation in a region of political instability. Conservation Biology 14(6) : 1722-1724.

CUNNINGHAM, A B. 1996. Landscape domestication and cultural change : human ecology of the Cuvelai-Etosha region. Madoqua 20: 37-45.

CUNNINGHAM, A B. 1996. People, park and plant use : recommendations for multiple-use zones and development alternatives around Bwindi-Impenetrable national Park, Uganda. People and Plants Working paper 4 : 1-58, UNESCO, Paris. [also published in French, 1997]

SULLIVAN, S, T L KONSTANT and A B CUNNINGHAM. 1995. The impact of utilization of palm products on the population structure of the Vegetable Ivory Palm (Hyphaene petersiana) in Owambo, northern Namibia. Economic Botany 49 (4): 357-370.

KONSTANT, T L, S SULLIVAN and A B CUNNINGHAM. 1995. The effects of human population pressure on Hyphaene petersiana basketry resources in the palm savanna of Owambo, northern Namibia. Economic Botany 49(4) : 345-356.

CUNNINGHAM, A B. 1994. Combining skills : participatory approaches in biodiversity conservation. Strelitzia 1 : 149 - 168 in : B J Huntley (ed) Botanical diversity in southern Africa. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.

BARKER, NP, CUNNINGHAM, A B, C MORROW and E H HARLEY. 1994. A preliminary investigation into the use of RAPD to assess the genetic diversity of a threatened tree species : Prunus africana. Strelitzia 1 : 221- 230 in : B J Huntley (ed) Botanical diversity in southern Africa. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.

CUNNINGHAM, A B. 1994. Integrating local plant resources and habitat management. Biodiversity and Conservation 3 : 104-115.

TERRY, M E and A B CUNNINGHAM. 1993. The impact of commercial marketing on the basketry of southern Africa. Journal of Museum Ethnography 4: 25-48.

DREWES, S.E, TAYLOR, C.W and CUNNINGHAM, A.B.1992. (+)-Afzelichin 3-Rhamnoside from Cassipourea gerrardii. Phytochemistry 31(3) : 1073 - 1075.

DREWES, S E, TAYLOR, C W, A B CUNNINGHAM, D FERREIRA, J A STEENKAMP and C H L MOUTON. 1992. Epiafzelechin-(4b >8, 2b >0 >7)-ent-afzelichin from Cassipourea gerrardii. Phytochemistry 31 (7): 2491-2494.

CUNNINGHAM, A B. 1992. The role of ethnobotany and indigenous knowledge in conservation of plant genetic resources. Dinteria 23 : 119 - 131. (in : G L Maggs and B Strobach (eds) Proceedings of the First National Workshop on Plant Genetic Resources, Namibia. Dinteria vol. 23; Namibia Scientific Society).

CUNNINGHAM, A B, P J DE JAGER and L C B HANSEN. 1992. The indigenous plant use programme : description of a National ethnobotany programme. Foundation for Research Development, Pretoria.

CUNNINGHAM, A B. 1992. Regional resources or global commons ? : ethical, legal and political aspects of new product development.pp. 184 - 199 in : L J Cruz, G P Concepcion, M A S Mendigo and B Q Guevara (eds), Proceedings of the Seventh Asian Symposium on Medicinal Plants, Spices and Other Natural Products, Manila, Philippines.

APPLETON, C.C, DREWES S.E and CUNNINGHAM, A.B.1992. Observations on the molluscicidal properties of (-) warburganal South African Bulinus africanus. Journal of Applied and Medical Malacology 4: 37-40.

HEINSOHN, D and CUNNINGHAM, A.B. 1991. Utilization and potential for cultivation of the salt-marsh rush Juncus kraussii. South African Journal of Botany 57(1) : 1-5.

CUNNINGHAM, A.B. 1990. The regional distribution, marketing and economic value of the palm wine trade in the Ingwavuma district, Natal, South Africa. South African Journal of Botany 56(2) : 191-198.

CUNNINGHAM, A.B. 1990. Income, sap yield and effects of palm wine tapping on palms in south-eastern Africa. South African Journal of Botany 56(2) : 137-144.

CUNNINGHAM, A.B. 1990. People and medicines : the exploitation and conservation of traditional Zulu medicinal plants. Mitteilungen aus dem Institut fur Allegemeine Botanik, Hamburg. 23b : 979-990.

GORDON-GRAY, K.D., CUNNINGHAM, A.B. and NICHOLS, G.R. 1989. Floral biological and reproductive data for Siphonochilus aethiopicus and S. natalensis (Zingiberaceae) derived from the study of plants mainly under cultivation in southern Africa. South African Journal of Botany. 55(3):281-287.

CUNNINGHAM, A.B. and WEHMEYER, A.S. 1988 The nutritional value of Hyphaene coriacea and Phoenix reclinata palm wine. Economic Botany 42(3) : 301-306.

CUNNINGHAM, A.B. 1988. Leaf production and utilization in Hyphaene coriacea : management guidelines for commercial harvesting. South African Journal of Botany 54(3): 189-195.

COOK, E.L., CUNNINGHAM, A.B. & VAN STADEN, J. 1988. The in vitro propagation of over-exploited Zulu medicinal plants. 1. Boweia volubilis. South African Journal of Botany : 54 (5) : 509-510.

CUNNINGHAM, A.B. 1988. Collection of wild plant foods in Tembe Thonga society : a guide to Iron Age gathering activities? Annals of the Natal Museum 29(2) : 433-446.

CUNNINGHAM, A.B. 1987. Commercial craftwork : balancing out human needs and resources. South African Journal of Botany 53(4) : 259-266.

CUNNINGHAM, A.B. and MILTON, S.J. 1987. Effects of the basket weaving industry on the mokola palm (Hyphaene petersiana) and on dye plants in NW Botswana. Economic Botany 42 : 386-402.

CUNNINGHAM, A.B. and GWALA, B.R. 1986. Plant species and building methods used in Tembe-Thonga hut construction. Annals of the Natal Museum. 27(2) : 491-511.

CUNNINGHAM, A.B. 1984. Indigenous plant resources : a buffer against rural poverty. Second Carnegie Inquiry into Poverty and Development in southern Africa. Paper no 145 : 1-30.

TAYLOR, R.H. and CUNNINGHAM, A.B. 1983. The conservation of wetlands. Journal of the Limnological Society of Southern Africa 9(2) : 141-145.

ROBINSON, M and CUNNINGHAM, A B. 1978. Comparative diet of two Namib desert sand lizards (Lacertidae). Madoqua 11(1): 41-43.

Books

CUNNINGHAM, A B & M E TERRY. 2006. African basketry: grassroots art from southern Africa. Fernwood Press, Cape Town.

CUNNINGHAM, A B, B BELCHER & B M CAMPBELL (eds). 2005. "Carving out a future : tropical forests, livelihoods and the international woodcarving trade". Earthscan, London.

CUNNINGHAM, A B. 2004. [in Chinese] Applied ethnobotany: people, wild plant use and conservation. With additional chapter by Professor Pei Sheng-ji.

Kunming, China.

CUNNINGHAM, A B. 2002. Etnobotanica aplicada : pueblos, uso de plantas silvestres y conservacion. Editorial Nordan, Montevideo. ISBN : 9974-42-086-5.

CUNNINGHAM, A B. 2001. Applied ethnobotany : people, wild plant use and conservation. Earthscan, London. [translated into Spanish (2002) and Chinese (2004), see above)

CUNNINGHAM, M; A B CUNNINGHAM and U SCHIPPMANN. 1997. Trade in Prunus africana and the implementation of CITES. Bundesamt fur Naturshcutz, Bonn, Germany

HUTCHINGS, A, A SCOTT, G LEWIS and A B CUNNINGHAM. 1996. Zulu medicinal plants: an inventory. University of Natal Press, Pietermaritzburg.

Book Chapters

CUNNINGHAM, A B, P SHANLEY & S LAIRD. in press. Health, habitats and medicinal plant use. In: C Colfer (ed) Forests, biodiversity and human health. Earthscan, London.

CUNNINGHAM, A. B. 2006. Introduction., pp.9-11 in: “Cultural Strands”. FORM Contemporary Craft & Design, Perth. ISBN09 75727435

CUNNINGHAM, A. B. 2006. Livelihoods and sustainability: local to global parallels. Pp. 79-84in: “Cultural Strands”. FORM Contemporary Craft & Design, Perth. ISBN09 75727435

B. B BELCHER, CUNNINGHAM, A B & B M CAMPBELL. 2005. Livelihoods, Carving and Conservation. 1-9 in: Cunningham, A B, B Belcher & B M Campbell (eds). 2005. "Carving out a future : tropical forests, livelihoods and the international woodcarving trade". Earthscan, London.

CHOGE, S K, A B CUNNINGHAM & W ELLERY. 2005. Chasing the wooden rhino: the case of woodcarving in Kenya. Pp.31-42 in: Cunningham, A B, B Belcher & B M Campbell (eds). 2005. "Carving out a future : tropical forests, livelihoods and the international woodcarving trade". Earthscan, London.

CUNNINGHAM, A B. 2005. Global overview: tradition, technology and trade. pp. 11-29 in: Cunningham, A B, B Belcher & B M Campbell (eds). 2005. "Carving out a future : tropical forests, livelihoods and the international woodcarving trade". Earthscan, London.

OMEJA, P., A B CUNNINGHAM & J OBUA. 2005. Drums and hornbills. Pp. 43-52 in: Cunningham, A B, B Belcher & B M Campbell (eds). 2005. "Carving out a future : tropical forests, livelihoods and the international woodcarving trade". Earthscan, London.

CUNNINGHAM, A B., B CAMPBELL, B BELCHER & R. ACHDIAWAN. 2005. Ecological footprints: carving, sustainability and scarcity. Pp.199-227 in: . "Carving out a future : tropical forests, livelihoods and the international woodcarving trade". Earthscan, London

CAMPBELL, B M., A B CUNNINGHAM & B BELCHER. 2005. Carving out a future: planning for woodcarving in the 21st century. Pp. 249-268. in: . "Carving out a future : tropical forests, livelihoods and the international woodcarving trade". Earthscan, London

SUNDERLAND, T C H, A B CUNNINGHAM, Z TCHOUNDJEU, M-L NGO-MPECK and S A LAIRD. 2004. Yohimbe (Pausinystalia johimbe). Chapter 6 in: L E Clark and T C H Sunderland (eds).The Key non-timber forest products of Central Africa: State of the Knowledge. Technical Paper 122, SD Publication Series, Office of Sustainable Development, US-AID, Washington.

CUNNINGHAM, A B and C M SHACKLETON. 2004 Use of fruits and seeds from indigenous and naturalized plant species. Chapter 20 in : H Eeeley, C Shackleton and M Lawes (eds) Use and Value of Indigenous Forests and Woodlands in South Africa. University of Natal Press, Pietermartizburg.

CUNNINGHAM, A B. 2003. Plante medicinali e commercio sostenibile. Pp. 61-74 in : Forest medicine : le medicine tradizionali una risorsa da conoscere.Centro Oreintamento Educativo, Milano. New Graphic. Arese.

CAMPBELL, B.M., SAYER, J.A., FROST, P., VERMEULEN, S., RUIZ PEREZ, M., CUNNINGHAM, A. B, & PRABHU, R. 2003. Assessing the performance of natural resource systems. Pp. 267-292 in : B CAMPBELL & J A SAYER (eds) Integrated Natural resource Management : linking productivity, the environment and development. CABI Publishing, Wallingford.

ROMERO, C., I GRUNDY, B CAMPBELL and A B CUNNINGHAM. 2002. Baobab bark (Adansonia digitata). pp. 208-214 in : P Shanley, A R. Pierce, S A. Laird and A Guillén (eds) Tapping the Green market : certification and management of non-timber forest products. Earthscan, London.

SCHMITT, S F and A B CUNNINGHAM. 2002. Reducing the ecological footprint of the “wooden rhino”: The case for eco-labeling and certification of Kenyan woodcarvings. pp. 259-264 in : P Shanley, A R. Pierce, S A. Laird and A Guillén (eds) Tapping the Green market : certification and management of non-timber forest products. Earthscan, London.

CUNNINGHAM, A B and M CUNNINGHAM. 2000. Profits, Prunus and the prostate. Ch. 12., pp. 309-329. In : C Zerner (ed) People, plants and justice. Columbia University Press, New York.

LAIRD, S E, A B CUNNINGHAM and E. LESIGNE. 2000. One in ten thousand : Ancistrocladus korupensis and the search for new plant compounds. Ch. 14., pp. 345-373. In : C Zerner (ed) People, plants and justice. Columbia University Press, New York.

CUNNINGHAM, A B and G DAVIS. 1997. Human use of plants. Chapter 20 (pp. 474-506) in : R M Cowling, D M Richardson and S Pierce (eds) Vegetation of southern Africa (Cambridge University Press).

CUNNINGHAM, A B. 1996. Professional ethics, ethnobotanical research. pp. 19-51 in : Alexiades, M N and J W Sheldon (eds) Selected guidelines for ethnobtanical research : a field manual. Advances in Economic Botany, New York Botanical Garden, New York.

WILD, R, CUNNINGHAM, A B and J MUTEBI.1996. People, parks and plant use : networks to enhance the conservation of montane forests in Uganda, East Africa. Chapter 11 in : D Saunders (ed) The Role of Networks in Nature Conservation, Surrey Beatty & Sons, Sydney.

HUTCHINGS, A, A SCOTT, G LEWIS and A B CUNNINGHAM. 1996. Zulu medicinal plants : an inventory. University of Natal Press, Pietermaritzburg

CUNNINGHAM, A B. 1996. Saturniid subsidy : cash and protein from edible caterpillars of Zambesian woodlands. Pp. 107-108 in : Campbell, B M (ed) The miombo in transition : woodlands and welfare in Africa. CIFOR, Indonesia.

CUNNINGHAM, A B. 1996. Medicinal plants and miombo woodland : species, symbolism and trade. Pp. 166- 167 in : Campbell, B M (ed). The miombo in transition : woodlands and welfare in Africa. CIFOR, Indonesia.

CUNNINGHAM, A B. 1993. Indigenous knowledge and biodiversity. pp. 176 - 184 in : S E Place (ed) Tropical Rainforests : Latin American Nature and Society in Transition. Jaguar Books, Delaware.

CUNNINGHAM, A B and M E TERRY.1993. Basketry, people and resource management in southern Africa. pp. 363-375 in : F Ganry and B M Campbell (eds) Sustainable land management in African semi-arid and sub-humid zones. CIRAD, Montpellier.

CUNNINGHAM, A B; D HUBBARD, J KINAHAN, E H P M KREIKE, A C MARSH, M K SEELY and V STUART- WILLIAMS. 1992. Oshanas : sustaining people, environment and development in Central Owambo, Namibia. Typoprint, Windhoek, Namibia. ISBN 99916-709-04.

CUNNINGHAM, A.B. 1991. Development of a conservation policy on commercially exploited medicinal plants : a case study from southern Africa. pp. 337 - 358, In : Heywood, V., Synge, H & Akerele, O (eds). Conservation of medicinal plants. Cambridge University Press.

CUNNINGHAM, A.B. 1991. Lean pickings : palm wine tapping as a rural informal sector activity. in pp. 254 - 261 (Chpt. 16) in : Preston-Whyte E & C Rogerson (eds) South Africa's informal economy. Oxford University Press, Cape Town.

CUNNINGHAM, A.B. 1991. The herbal medicine trade: resource depletion and environmental management for a "hidden economy". pp. 196 - 206 (Chpt. 12): in Preston-Whyte E & C Rogerson (eds), South Africa's informal economy. Oxford University Press, Cape Town.

CUNNINGHAM, A.B. 1989. Indigenous plant use: balancing human needs and plant resources. Ch. 5 (pp. 93-105) in : Conserving Biotic Diversity in southern Africa. B. Huntley (ed.), Oxford University Press.

CUNNINGHAM, A.B. 1987. Commercial craftwork : balancing out human needs and resources. South African Journal of Botany 53(4) : 259-266

Conferences

CUNNINGHAM, A.B., GARNETT, S.T. and STACEY N. 2007. Evaluation of non-timber forest product species as potential elements of agroforestry systems. In Djoeroemana, S., Myers, B., Russell-Smith, J., Blyth, M. and Salean, E.I.T. (eds) Integrated rural development in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia – Proceedings of a workshop to identify sustainable rural livelihoods, held in Kupang, Indonesia, 5-7 April 2006, ACIAR Proceedings No. 126, pp 174-181.

SCHIPPMANN, U, A B CUNNINGHAM and D J LEAMAN. 2003. Impact of cultivation and gathering of medicinal plants on biodiversity: global trends and issues. Case study no. 7. in: Biodiversity and the Ecosystem Approach in Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. Proceedings : Satellite event on the occasion of the Ninth Regular Session of the Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, Rome 12-13 October 2002. FAO, Rome. ISBN 92-5-104917-3.

http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/005/Y4586E/y4586e08.htm

CUNNINGHAM, A B. 1998. Prunus africana (Rosaceae) bark : Trade, Conservation and the Industrial "footprint" of Europe on a forest tree species in Africa and Madagascar. Pp. 78-84 in : Medicinal plant trade in Europe : Conservation and supply. Proceedings of the First International Symposium on the conservation of medicinal plants In Europe. TRAFFIC Europe, Belgium.

Major reports, working papers

SUNDERLAND, T C H, A B CUNNINGHAM, Z TCHOUNDJEU, M-L NGO-MPECK and S A LAIRD. 2004. Yohimbe (Pausinystalia johimbe). Chapter 6 in: L E Clark and T C H Sunderland (eds).The Key non-timber forest products of Central Africa: State of the Knowledge. Technical Paper 122, SD Publication Series, Office of Sustainable Development, US-AID, Washington.

CHAMBERLAIN, J L, A B CUNNINGHAM and R NASI. 2004. Dealing with diversity in Forest Management: Non-timber forest products and bush meat. Renewable Resource

SCHIPPMANN, U, D J LEAMAN and A B CUNNINGHAM. 2003. Impact of cultivation and gathering of medicinal plants on biodiversity: global trends and issues. Case study no. 7. in: Biodiversity and the Ecosystem Approach in Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. Proceedings : Satellite event on the occasion of the Ninth Regular Session of the Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, Rome 12-13 October 2002. FAO, Rome. ISBN 92-5-104917-3 http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/005/Y4586E/y4586e08.htm#P1_0.

CUNNINGHAM, A.B., E. AYUK, S. FRANZEL, B. DUGUMA, and C. ASANGA. 2002. An economic evaluation of
medicinal tree cultivation. People and Plants Working Paper No. 10, UNESCO, Paris.

CUNNINGHAM, A B. 2001. Sustainable management of non-timber forest resources : a review with recommendations for the SBSTTA. Technical report for SBSTTA through CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia.

MIDGLEY, JJ and A B CUNNINGHAM. 2001. A review of plant functional types (PFT’s) and plant functional attributes (PFA’s) in a forest context, with an emphasis on work of Gillison. Internal report to CIFOR, Bogor.

CUNNINGHAM, M; A B CUNNINGHAM and U SCHIPPMANN. 1997. Trade in Prunus africana and the implementation of CITES. Bundesamt fur Naturshcutz, Bonn, Germany.

CUNNINGHAM, A B. 1993. Ethics, ethnobiological research and biodiversity. WWF-International, Gland, Switzerland.

BISHOP, J, I SCOONES, M PIMBERT, A B CUNNINGHAM and M E TERRY. 1994. Beer and baskets : the economics of women's livelihoods in Ngamiland, Botswana. WWF-International, Gland and International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), London.

CUNNINGHAM, A B. 1994. Management of medicinal plant resources : an Africa-wide overview. 1:173-189 in J H Seyani and A C Chikuni (eds) Proceedings of the XII AETFAT Congress, Malawi.

CUNNINGHAM, A B. 1993. African medicinal plants : setting priorities at the interface between conservation and primary health care. People and Plants Working Paper 1 : 1 - 50. UNESCO, Paris. [note : also published in French (1997) and Spanish (1998)]

CUNNINGHAM, A B and F T MBENKUM. 1993. Sustainability of harvesting Prunus africana bark in Cameroon : a medicinal plant in international trade. People and Plants Working Paper 2 : 1 - 28. UNESCO, Paris.

CUNNINGHAM, A B. 1993. Low cost housing needs, wood use and woodlands. pp. 283- 291 in : G D Peirce and D J Gumbo (eds) The Ecology and Managment of Indigenous Forests in southern Africa. Proceedings of an International Symposium, Victoria falls, Zimbabwe. Forestry Commission, Harare, Zimbabwe.

CUNNINGHAM, A B, R WILD, J MUTEBI and A TSEKELI. 1993. People and wild plant use : Mgahinga Gorilla National Park. Report for CARE-International, Kampala, Uganda.

CUNNINGHAM, A B. 1993. Ethics, biodiversity and new natural products development : guidelines for sustainable use and development of biological resources. Research paper prepared for WWF-International, Switzerland.

CUNNINGHAM, A B and M E TERRY.1993. Basketry, people and resource management in southern Africa. pp. 363-375 in : F Ganry and B M Campbell (eds) Sustainable land management in African semi-arid and sub-humid zones. CIRAD, Montpellier.

CUNNINGHAM, A B; D HUBBARD, J KINAHAN, E H P M KREIKE, A C MARSH, M K SEELY and V STUART-WILLIAMS. 1992. Oshanas : sustaining people, environment and development in Central Owambo, Namibia. Typoprint, Windhoek, Namibia. ISBN 99916-709-04.

CUNNINGHAM, A.B and A S ZONDI. 1991. Cattle owners and traditional medicines used for livestock. Human Needs, Resources and Environment Section, HSRC, Johannesburg.

CUNNINGHAM, A.B and A S ZONDI. 1991. Use of animal parts for the commercial trade in traditional medicines : development of policy guidelines. Institute of Natural Resources Report to conservation agencies, Natal and Transvaal Traditional medicines traders associations.

CUNNINGHAM, A.B. 1990. African Medicinal Plants : setting priorities at the interface of conservation and primary health care. Plants Conservation Section, WWF-International.

BUCHAN, A.J.C; A.B.CUNNINGHAM & P.LA HAUSSE DE LALOUVIERE. 1989. Patterns of resource use of the Pongolo River Floodplain. pp.33-48 in: R.D.Walmsley and C.P.R. Roberts (eds). Changing patterns of resource use on the Pongolo River floodplain. Occasional Report No.36, Foundation for Research Development.

COOPER, K.H., A.B.CUNNINGHAM, & D.MUIR, 1988. Indigenous forests. Ch. 6 (pp. 34-45) in : A.A. Ferrar, G. Isaacs & J.R. Stacey (eds.), Environmental features of the Transvaal Escarpment : an information base for Regional planning. Occasional Report No. 3, Ecosystem Programmes, F.R.D.

CUNNINGHAM, A.B., K.H. COOPER & S.G. CAWE 1988. The value of indigenous forest to the people of southern Africa. pp. 2-11 in : Guidelines for the sustained use of indigenous forests and forest products. B. McKenzie (ed.). Ecosystem Programmes Occasional Report, Foundation for Research Development.

CUNNINGHAM, A.B. 1988. Development of a conservation policy on medicinal plant conservation : a case study from Natal/KwaZulu, South Africa. Institute of Natural Resources Report for conservation agencies, herb traders and herbalists associations.

CUNNINGHAM, A.B. 1988. Botswana basketry resources : Research and management of plant resources supporting the Ngamiland basket trade, 1982-1988. Botswanacraft Marketing Company (Pty) Ltd, Gaborone, Botswana.

CUNNINGHAM, A.B. and MILTON, S.J. 1982. A survey of plant resource utilization by the Botswana basket industry in the CFDA, Ngamiland, Botswana. Veld Products Research, Gaborone, Botswana. 27 Pages.

 Book reviews, abstracts, popular articles, policy briefs, interviews, letters, posters

CUNNINGHAM, A.B. and A S ZONDI. 1992. Striped weasels, traditional medicines and conservation. Endangered Wildlife. 11: 10-15.